http://www.wordle.net/show/wrdl/1422650/Black_Seminoles
Monday, December 7, 2009
Friday, December 4, 2009
RJA #14: Annotated Bibliography, Part 2
Batty, Peter. (1987. The Divided Union: The Story of the Great American War, 1861 -1865.Topsfield, MA: Salem House Publishers.
This book is the companion to the television series of the same name. It provides a history of the Civil War along with its attendant political, economic and social implications.
Blight, D. W. (2001). Race and Reunion: The Civil War In American Memory. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
This reveals the complicated exchange between North and South following the Civil War to both forget and rebuild. It exposes how the rift between both sides was closed by an unspoken mutual agreement and acceptance of racially charged segregationist agenda and the aftermath of such an alliance on the country as a whole.
This source provided the ground for the aspect of the argument that historical accuracy, or inaccuracy, determines present perceptions and impacts all social, cultural and political interactions in America.
Buckmaster, H. (1992). Let My People Go. Columbia, S.C.: University of South
Carolina.
Buckmaster emphasizes African and African Americans’ active resistance efforts which ultimately garnered their emancipation and prominent figures within the Abolitionist movement. An Afrocentric view, it cites numerous accounts of justified rebellion and acts of defiance to captivity. Further, it repudiates the stereotype of the meek, obedient slave or white supremacist attitude that renders Black inferior in intelligence or lacking in skills of critical reasoning which would render them incapable of planning of sustaining active resistance, much less ultimately achieving their freedom.
Covington, James W. (1992). The Seminoles of Florida. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
This text is a comprehensive guide to the Seminoles of Florida. It explains the history of the tribe, including its break with the Creeks and its multi- ethnic make-up. This book was used to highlight aspects of Seminole culture as it relates to the Black Seminoles.
Ellison, M. (1983). Black Perceptions and Red Images: Indian and Black Literary Links. Phylon, Vol. 44, No. 1, 1st Qtr. , 44 - 55.
This article provides a literary analysis of Black and Indigenous peoples’ relationships. It outlines the history of relational dynamics between Black and Indigenous peoples through commonality in oral traditions and looks at folk heroes, particularly the trickster and other archetypes of both groups. Both African and Indigenous Americans, joined in opposition to a common oppressor, it seems, possess a natural affinity for each other. The relationship, when viewed with accuracy, reveals a complex set of dynamics rife with ambiguity and mutual admiration.
This source was used to strengthen the aspect of the argument which focuses on cooperation between African captives and Indigenous Americans.
Tucker, P. T. (Spring, 1992). John Horse: Forgotten African-American Leader of the Second Seminole War. The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 77, No. 2 , 74-83.
This article outlines the military exploits of Black Seminole, John Horse during the course of the Second Seminole War. It demonstrates his brilliance as a military strategist and commitment to opposing enslavement by any necessary means. This article was used to support the argument that the Seminole Wars are primarily African/African-American campaigns.
This book is the companion to the television series of the same name. It provides a history of the Civil War along with its attendant political, economic and social implications.
Blight, D. W. (2001). Race and Reunion: The Civil War In American Memory. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
This reveals the complicated exchange between North and South following the Civil War to both forget and rebuild. It exposes how the rift between both sides was closed by an unspoken mutual agreement and acceptance of racially charged segregationist agenda and the aftermath of such an alliance on the country as a whole.
This source provided the ground for the aspect of the argument that historical accuracy, or inaccuracy, determines present perceptions and impacts all social, cultural and political interactions in America.
Buckmaster, H. (1992). Let My People Go. Columbia, S.C.: University of South
Carolina.
Buckmaster emphasizes African and African Americans’ active resistance efforts which ultimately garnered their emancipation and prominent figures within the Abolitionist movement. An Afrocentric view, it cites numerous accounts of justified rebellion and acts of defiance to captivity. Further, it repudiates the stereotype of the meek, obedient slave or white supremacist attitude that renders Black inferior in intelligence or lacking in skills of critical reasoning which would render them incapable of planning of sustaining active resistance, much less ultimately achieving their freedom.
Covington, James W. (1992). The Seminoles of Florida. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
This text is a comprehensive guide to the Seminoles of Florida. It explains the history of the tribe, including its break with the Creeks and its multi- ethnic make-up. This book was used to highlight aspects of Seminole culture as it relates to the Black Seminoles.
Ellison, M. (1983). Black Perceptions and Red Images: Indian and Black Literary Links. Phylon, Vol. 44, No. 1, 1st Qtr. , 44 - 55.
This article provides a literary analysis of Black and Indigenous peoples’ relationships. It outlines the history of relational dynamics between Black and Indigenous peoples through commonality in oral traditions and looks at folk heroes, particularly the trickster and other archetypes of both groups. Both African and Indigenous Americans, joined in opposition to a common oppressor, it seems, possess a natural affinity for each other. The relationship, when viewed with accuracy, reveals a complex set of dynamics rife with ambiguity and mutual admiration.
This source was used to strengthen the aspect of the argument which focuses on cooperation between African captives and Indigenous Americans.
Tucker, P. T. (Spring, 1992). John Horse: Forgotten African-American Leader of the Second Seminole War. The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 77, No. 2 , 74-83.
This article outlines the military exploits of Black Seminole, John Horse during the course of the Second Seminole War. It demonstrates his brilliance as a military strategist and commitment to opposing enslavement by any necessary means. This article was used to support the argument that the Seminole Wars are primarily African/African-American campaigns.
Monday, November 16, 2009
RJA #13b: Annotated Bibliography, Part 1
Dr. Kly proposes closer scrutiny historical accounts of the events prior to and during the civil war which traditionally have excluded or minimized the participation of African Americans in the push for their own freedom. He proposes that between 1739 , the date of the Stono Rebellion in South Carolina, and 1858, the closing of the Third Seminole War fought in Florida, that the Gullah/ Geechee peoples, of whom the Black Seminole are a part of, organized slave uprisings, waged warfare and engaged in ongoing resistance to slavery. In it he provides recorded documentation, such as military correspondence and records of historical events which defy the view that African chattel slaves as a group displayed minimal resistance to their forced immigration and captivity.
Bird, J.B. Buried History: 1838 – Present. Rebellion: John Horse and the Black
Seminoles, The First Black Rebels to Beat American Slavery. June 5, 2005. www.johnhorse,com
In this article, Bird raises the question about why historian, both black and white, have overlooked the single largest Black slave rebellion on American land. He holds it is easy to understand Southerners’ need to conceal defeat at the hand of Black Seminoles, yet it is difficult to imagine why Black scholars continue to uphold the suppression of this history.
Periodical Articles
Weik,Terrance M. The Role of Ethnogenesis and Organization in the Development of African-Native American Settlements: an African Seminole Model. International Journal of Historical Archeology, Volume 13, Number 2/ June, 2009, Pages 206-238.
This article is an archeological study which examines the community structure and everyday life of Pilaklikaha, a nineteenth century Seminole community which existed in present day Florida. Its credibility can be attributed to its appearance in a professional academic archeological publication.
Klos, George. Blacks and the Seminole Removal Debate, 1821-1835. The Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume 68, Number 1 /July, 1989, Pages 55-78.
Published by: Florida Historical Society. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30148038
This article examines pre-Civil War, Spanish Florida's African-Native American relationships.
Bird, J.B. Buried History: 1838 – Present. Rebellion: John Horse and the Black
Seminoles, The First Black Rebels to Beat American Slavery. June 5, 2005. www.johnhorse,com
In this article, Bird raises the question about why historian, both black and white, have overlooked the single largest Black slave rebellion on American land. He holds it is easy to understand Southerners’ need to conceal defeat at the hand of Black Seminoles, yet it is difficult to imagine why Black scholars continue to uphold the suppression of this history.
Periodical Articles
Weik,Terrance M. The Role of Ethnogenesis and Organization in the Development of African-Native American Settlements: an African Seminole Model. International Journal of Historical Archeology, Volume 13, Number 2/ June, 2009, Pages 206-238.
This article is an archeological study which examines the community structure and everyday life of Pilaklikaha, a nineteenth century Seminole community which existed in present day Florida. Its credibility can be attributed to its appearance in a professional academic archeological publication.
Klos, George. Blacks and the Seminole Removal Debate, 1821-1835. The Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume 68, Number 1 /July, 1989, Pages 55-78.
Published by: Florida Historical Society. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30148038
This article examines pre-Civil War, Spanish Florida's African-Native American relationships.
RJA #13a: Field Research Report
I just returned from a trip to the Sea Islands off the coast of Georgia and South Carolina to experience Gullah/Geechee culture. The Black Seminoles, an offshoot of Gullah/Geechee peoples, escaped slavery via the 'Second Underground Railroad' which led southward into Florida. I had the opportunity to visit several battle sites on four islands, one of which was Bloody Marsh on St. Simons where converged several competing factions for control. One of the tour guides, historian and former attorney, Jamal Toure, spoke specifically about the Black Seminoles, the misrepresentation of the group as solely Indian and their suitability for guerilla warfare in the Florida swamps. Their resistance ultimately garnered them their freedom.
RJA #12b: Presentation Plan
In my presentation I will outline the significant points of my findings and attempt to tie it all together to show that my essay will in fact do what is promises to do.
Historical Context: American chattel slavery system
The misrepresentation of African-Americans as docile, compliant, content slaves.
Introduce the Black Seminoles:
Not purely indigenous peoples
War: The Civil War and guerilla warfare waged against re-enslavement.
Emancipation
Why the story is not being told
Disservice to American democracy
Historical Context: American chattel slavery system
The misrepresentation of African-Americans as docile, compliant, content slaves.
Introduce the Black Seminoles:
Not purely indigenous peoples
War: The Civil War and guerilla warfare waged against re-enslavement.
Emancipation
Why the story is not being told
Disservice to American democracy
RJA #12a: Progress Report
I've gathered quite a bit of information and have quite a number of sources that center on the Black Seminoles and the Civil War. The bibliography pages of most of the books and articles I've collected have provided more information than I'll ever use in this essay, but I'll definitely archive my findings for future use. I am presently sifting through all of this to make my argument as strong as possible with supporting references.
As is always the case, I am not completely clear on what I really want to say, or my point doesn't begin to take shape until I start putting pen to paper (or fingers to keyboard, as it were). I find outlines confining, an exercise in frustration, and I have great difficulty in generating them. Consequently, I'm still struggling with that portion of this assignment. I'm starting to realize that I may want to argue less for the significance of the story of the Black Seminoles and leaning more towards showing how inaccuracy and exclusion of their and other African-American contribution to American history discourse is a disservice to American democracy.
As is always the case, I am not completely clear on what I really want to say, or my point doesn't begin to take shape until I start putting pen to paper (or fingers to keyboard, as it were). I find outlines confining, an exercise in frustration, and I have great difficulty in generating them. Consequently, I'm still struggling with that portion of this assignment. I'm starting to realize that I may want to argue less for the significance of the story of the Black Seminoles and leaning more towards showing how inaccuracy and exclusion of their and other African-American contribution to American history discourse is a disservice to American democracy.
Monday, November 2, 2009
RJA #10b: Argument
Research claim: The history of the ongoing active African resistance to slavery remains, in large part, suppressed and or censored in the discourse on American history.
Thesis: The truth of ongoing African resistance to the institution of slavery, such as that of the so-called Seminole Wars, is crucial not only to discourse concerning the Civil War, but vital to the lexicon of American history.
Ethos: It is illogical to assume that the kidnapped Africans were content in the captivity and incapable of organizing and strategizing their won liberation. The Declaration of Independence declares that all humans, of which the African were most certainly, were “endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.“
Pathos: No human should ever be subjected to the torture slavery posed for the African captives. America was founded on the pursuit of life and liberty but built upon the captivity of kidnapped human.
Logos: Much of the rhetoric about the Civil War relegates the entire affair to conflict between the southern states and the northern states over the issue of slavery. It would seem natural that the humans over whom the conflict surrounded would have had a vested interest in actively strategizing their own liberation.
Reason 1: The Black Seminoles were instrumental in garnering not only theirs, but freedom for all African captives.
Reason 2: Historians of the Civil War period routinely omitted facts that showed Anglo-Americans at a disadvantage to Africans. This omission of facts has bearings upon social interactions.
Reason 3: This history is important to clarifying relationships between African-American and the dominant culture. Race is the big pink elephant in the room that no one wants to discuss. Dialogue begins with acknowledgment of t he issues.
Thesis: The truth of ongoing African resistance to the institution of slavery, such as that of the so-called Seminole Wars, is crucial not only to discourse concerning the Civil War, but vital to the lexicon of American history.
Ethos: It is illogical to assume that the kidnapped Africans were content in the captivity and incapable of organizing and strategizing their won liberation. The Declaration of Independence declares that all humans, of which the African were most certainly, were “endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.“
Pathos: No human should ever be subjected to the torture slavery posed for the African captives. America was founded on the pursuit of life and liberty but built upon the captivity of kidnapped human.
Logos: Much of the rhetoric about the Civil War relegates the entire affair to conflict between the southern states and the northern states over the issue of slavery. It would seem natural that the humans over whom the conflict surrounded would have had a vested interest in actively strategizing their own liberation.
Reason 1: The Black Seminoles were instrumental in garnering not only theirs, but freedom for all African captives.
Reason 2: Historians of the Civil War period routinely omitted facts that showed Anglo-Americans at a disadvantage to Africans. This omission of facts has bearings upon social interactions.
Reason 3: This history is important to clarifying relationships between African-American and the dominant culture. Race is the big pink elephant in the room that no one wants to discuss. Dialogue begins with acknowledgment of t he issues.
RJA #10a: Thesis Statement
The truth of active African resistance to the institution of slavery, though largely suppressed, such as in the case of the so-called Seminole Wars, is crucial not only to discourse concerning the Civil War, but vital to the lexicon of American history.
RJA #11b: Visual Aids
Civil War artifacts.
Civil War photos.
Black Seminoles photos
Video of Black Seminoles
Animation of migration south
Civil War photos.
Black Seminoles photos
Video of Black Seminoles
Animation of migration south
RJA #11a: Introduction
The history of the ongoing active African resistance to slavery remains, in large part, suppressed and or censored in the discourse on American history. One such group, a fragment of the Gullah from the barrier Sea Island along the coast of South Carolina and Georgia, made their way along the second Underground Railroad, the one leading south to Spanish Florida promised freedom from American slavery if the runaways could make it to St. Augustine. There they intermingled and cooperated with indigenous peoples. The Africans, having been forcibly migrated from a climate very similar to the Florida swampland, was better suited for survival and waging warfare against encroaching bounty hunters and later encroaching armies. Much of this information seems to have been suppressed. It is understandable that in the interest of maintaining a hold on their “property” slaveholders would censor news of slave insurgencies. However the question remains, who benefits from the suppression of that information now? The truth of ongoing African resistance to the institution of slavery, such as that of the so-called Seminole Wars, is crucial not only to discourse concerning the Civil War, but vital to the lexicon of American history.
Monday, October 19, 2009
RJA #9: Evaluation of Sources
Books
Wiggins, Kenneth. The Black Seminoles : History of a Freedom-seeking people. Gainesville : University Press of Florida. 1996.
This book chronicles John Horse, of mixed African and Indigenous American heritage and his military prowess that aided in securing freedom for the Black Seminoles. Wiggins status as a respected historian, educator and published author lends credibility to this source.
The International Human Rights Association of American Minorities
http://ihraam.org/files/klycvGullah.html
This page provides an online veiw of Dr. Yusef N. Kly's credential's, awards and affiliations. It is useful to my research in that it substantiates Dr. Kly's credibility, highlights his ongoing work on my chosen topic, while it also reveals his broader interest in international law. Dr. Kly's book, "The Invisible War" is one of the foundational texts for my research project.
This book is the result of Dr. Kly's ongoing research into historical representations of African Americans. In it he provides recorded documentation, such as military correspondence and records of historical events which defy the view that African chattel slaves as a group displayed minimal resistance to their forced immigration and captivity.
Wiggins, Kenneth. The Black Seminoles : History of a Freedom-seeking people. Gainesville : University Press of Florida. 1996.
This book chronicles John Horse, of mixed African and Indigenous American heritage and his military prowess that aided in securing freedom for the Black Seminoles. Wiggins status as a respected historian, educator and published author lends credibility to this source.
Periodical Articles
Weik,Terrance M. The Role of Ethnogenesis and Organization in the Development of African-Native American Settlements: an African Seminole Model. International Journal of Historical Archeology, Volume 13, Number 2/ June, 2009, Pages 206-238.
This article is an archeological study which examines the community structure and everyday life of Pilaklikaha, a nineteenth century Seminole community which existed in present day Florida. Its credibility can be attributed to its appearance in a professional academic archeological publication.
Klos, George. Blacks and the Seminole Removal Debate, 1821-1835. The Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume 68, Number 1 /July, 1989, Pages 55-78.
Published by: Florida Historical Society. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30148038
This article examines pre-Civil War, Spanish Florida's African-Native American relationships.
Online Sources
The International Human Rights Association of American Minorities
http://ihraam.org/files/klycvGullah.html
This page provides an online veiw of Dr. Yusef N. Kly's credential's, awards and affiliations. It is useful to my research in that it substantiates Dr. Kly's credibility, highlights his ongoing work on my chosen topic, while it also reveals his broader interest in international law. Dr. Kly's book, "The Invisible War" is one of the foundational texts for my research project.
Tuesday, October 13, 2009
Metacca
Internet Research Project
Name of and link to the tool: Metacca
Summary or description of the tool:
Metacca is a Meta search tool. A Meta search engine acts a sort of online dispatcher that send out a virtual all points bulletin for your query. This inquiry reaches over 100 popular and invisible or deep web sources, and is indexed into categories such as, Web, Images, News, Shopping, Videos and FTP. It reduces redundancy by removing duplicate links. It only shows the top ten results from each source queried. If a site does not respond in the allotted time, it is eliminated. According to Metacca’s about page, their “wide selection of both semantic and non-semantic search engines ensures that the final result presented is more relevant and ordered.”
Strengths: Metacca’s simultaneous search is a time saver. One is relieved of the task of querying numerous sites manually, one at a time.
Weaknesses:
Search engines, directories, and other applications searched:
A9
Altavista Atw Dmoz
Yahoo Live About
Aol Entireweb Gigablast
Walhello Wisenut Alexa
Mojeek Visvo Wikia
Hakia Googleads Googlenew
Rpilotppc Bing
Databases: 100 +
Operators:
Case sensitivity: no
Stop words:
Advanced search function: yes
Limits
Sorting: relavance
Display: Simple HTML
Help function: no
Special features: category by source or media type
My search for “gullah wars” produced 109 results, of which about 50% were relevant.
Name of and link to the tool: Metacca
Summary or description of the tool:
Metacca is a Meta search tool. A Meta search engine acts a sort of online dispatcher that send out a virtual all points bulletin for your query. This inquiry reaches over 100 popular and invisible or deep web sources, and is indexed into categories such as, Web, Images, News, Shopping, Videos and FTP. It reduces redundancy by removing duplicate links. It only shows the top ten results from each source queried. If a site does not respond in the allotted time, it is eliminated. According to Metacca’s about page, their “wide selection of both semantic and non-semantic search engines ensures that the final result presented is more relevant and ordered.”
Strengths: Metacca’s simultaneous search is a time saver. One is relieved of the task of querying numerous sites manually, one at a time.
Weaknesses:
Search engines, directories, and other applications searched:
A9
Altavista Atw Dmoz
Yahoo Live About
Aol Entireweb Gigablast
Walhello Wisenut Alexa
Mojeek Visvo Wikia
Hakia Googleads Googlenew
Rpilotppc Bing
Databases: 100 +
Operators:
Case sensitivity: no
Stop words:
Advanced search function: yes
Limits
Sorting: relavance
Display: Simple HTML
Help function: no
Special features: category by source or media type
My search for “gullah wars” produced 109 results, of which about 50% were relevant.
Wednesday, October 7, 2009
RJA #8c: Multimedia
Resource searched or tool used: FlickrStorm
Keywords used: Gullah, Black Seminole
Search strategies used (including operators and types of searches)
Date of search 12 October 2009
Number of hits: o
Relevance of hits (on a scale of 1 to 5) 0
Resource searched or tool used: Docu-view
Keywords used: Gullah wars, Black Seminole
Search strategies used (including operators and types of searches)
Date of search 12 October 2009
Number of hits: o
Relevance of hits (on a scale of 1 to 5) 0
Keywords used: Gullah, Black Seminole
Search strategies used (including operators and types of searches)
Date of search 12 October 2009
Number of hits: o
Relevance of hits (on a scale of 1 to 5) 0
Resource searched or tool used: Docu-view
Keywords used: Gullah wars, Black Seminole
Search strategies used (including operators and types of searches)
Date of search 12 October 2009
Number of hits: o
Relevance of hits (on a scale of 1 to 5) 0
RJA #8b: Social Media
Resource searched or tool used: Kosmix.com
Keywords used: Gullah, Black Seminole
Search strategies used (including operators and types of searches)
Date of search 12 October 2009
Number of hits: Four videos
Relevance of hits (on a scale of 1 to 5) 4
Resource searched or tool used: googleblogs.com
Keywords used: black seminoles, gullah wars
Search strategies used (including operators and types of searches)
Date of search 12 October 2009
Number of hits :30
Relevance of hits (on a scale of 1 to 5) 4-5
Keywords used: Gullah, Black Seminole
Search strategies used (including operators and types of searches)
Date of search 12 October 2009
Number of hits: Four videos
Relevance of hits (on a scale of 1 to 5) 4
Resource searched or tool used: googleblogs.com
Keywords used: black seminoles, gullah wars
Search strategies used (including operators and types of searches)
Date of search 12 October 2009
Number of hits :30
Relevance of hits (on a scale of 1 to 5) 4-5
RJA #8a: Websites
Resource searched or tool used: Exact Seek.com
Keywords used: Black Seminole
Search strategies used (including operators and types of searches): Black+Seminole
Date of search: 12 October 2009
Number of hits: 500
Relevance of hits (on a scale of 1 to 5) : 2-3
Resource searched or tool used: AcademicIndex.net
Keywords used: Gullah Wars
Search strategies used (including operators and types of searches): Gullah+wars
Date of search: 12 October 2009
Number of hits: 60
Relevance of hits (on a scale of 1 to 5): 2-3
Resource searched or tool used: AcademicInfo.net
Keywords used: Gullah wars, Seminole wars
Search strategies used (including operators and types of searches): Gullah+wars; Seminole+Wars
Date of search 12 October 2009
Number of hits Gullah wars- 0; Seminole Wars - 3
Relevance of hits (on a scale of 1 to 5): 2
Resource searched or tool used:deepdyve.com
Keywords used: Gullah
Search strategies used (including operators and types of searches) Gullah+Black+Seminole+wars
Date of search 12 October 2009
Number of hits :87, 589
Relevance of hits (on a scale of 1 to 5): 5
Saturday, October 3, 2009
RJA #7c: Field Research Plan
It would be a dream to interview world renown international human rights expert, Dr. Yussef Naim Kly; I will be utilizing his book, The Invisible War, in my research. I am hoping to secure either an online or phone interview with Robert Strongrivers, a descendant of Black Indians, residing in Virginia. He is a lecturer on African-Indigenous history and is passionate about African Americans enlightenment regarding the subject.
I would also like to pose the following questions to at least two African American Studies professors here at Metro:
What do you know of Black indigenous peoples?
What do you know of Black resistance during American slavery?
Why do think that information regarding resistance remains hidden in the American historical lexicon?
Who would benefit from the suppression of this part of history?
Are the Black Seminoles and other such so-called insurgents apart of your teaching curriculum?
What is the importance of their story?
Links
Dr. Kly's credentials http://ihraam.org/files/klycvGullah.html
Robert Strongrivers http://pointingbird.tripod.com/lostfeatherintl/index.htm
I would also like to pose the following questions to at least two African American Studies professors here at Metro:
What do you know of Black indigenous peoples?
What do you know of Black resistance during American slavery?
Why do think that information regarding resistance remains hidden in the American historical lexicon?
Who would benefit from the suppression of this part of history?
Are the Black Seminoles and other such so-called insurgents apart of your teaching curriculum?
What is the importance of their story?
Links
Dr. Kly's credentials http://ihraam.org/files/klycvGullah.html
Robert Strongrivers http://pointingbird.tripod.com/lostfeatherintl/index.htm
RJA #7b: Internet Research Tool Test
Resource searched: Metacca
Keywords used: Black+Seminole
Search strategies used (including operators and types of searches):
Black+Seminole or gullah+wars
Date of search: 3 October 2009
Number of hits: 103 and 106, respectively
Relevance of hits (on a scale of 1 to 5) : 5!
I may have discovered a viable source for an interview!!!
Keywords used: Black+Seminole
Search strategies used (including operators and types of searches):
Black+Seminole or gullah+wars
Date of search: 3 October 2009
Number of hits: 103 and 106, respectively
Relevance of hits (on a scale of 1 to 5) : 5!
I may have discovered a viable source for an interview!!!
RJA #7a: Internet Research Tools
In general, when beginning a research project, I always begin with the library. I will peruse the online catalog of the three A’s: Auraria and Aurora libraries and the Arapahoe Library District. My first inclination in doing research is to look to books. However, access to the libraries’ online resources has broadened and enriched my research, providing avenues to sources I never would have dreamed of merely relying on books. Access to various databases, academic journals, dissertations, etc, through Auraria’s online catalogs has proven invaluable to my research. I’ve used Grove, Ebsco, JStor and Lexus Nexus. Queries utilizing a keyword have generated a wide range of material including journal and newspaper articles, websites, university links, etc. Most often I will query JStor or Ebsco for articles. I’ve recently added Google Scholar to my go-to list. For my music research, Grove’s online music encyclopedia is always a reliable starting point. For demonstrations of songs, nothing beats Youtube. Ebsco and Lexus Nexus are great but one must be detailed and have a narrowed focus (dates, specific topic) when dealing with both as, they will generate thousands of articles. JStor is my favorite for articles; I can usually find good articles, reviews or have discovered authors/ specialists in my area of inquiry just by querying there.
LINKS
Grove, Ebsco, JStor and Lexus Nexus all require membership for access and are only available to me via the Auraria Libraray page:
http://library.auraria.edu/tools/databases/index.php
Google Scholar: http://www.googlescholar.com/
Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/
LINKS
Grove, Ebsco, JStor and Lexus Nexus all require membership for access and are only available to me via the Auraria Libraray page:
http://library.auraria.edu/tools/databases/index.php
Google Scholar: http://www.googlescholar.com/
Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/
Monday, September 28, 2009
RJA #6a: Periodical Articles
Thybony, Scott. Against all odds, Black Seminole won their freedom.
Smithsonian; Aug91, Vol. 22 Issue 5, p90, 10p, 10 color, 4 bw
BROUSSARD, ALBERT S. THE SEMINOLE FREEDMEN: A History.
Journal of the West; Spring2008, Vol. 47 Issue 2, p89-89, 1/5p
Sturgis, Amy H. Florida's Forgotten Rebels.
Reason; Apr2007, Vol. 38 Issue 11, p54-57, 4p, 2 color
Smithsonian; Aug91, Vol. 22 Issue 5, p90, 10p, 10 color, 4 bw
BROUSSARD, ALBERT S. THE SEMINOLE FREEDMEN: A History.
Journal of the West; Spring2008, Vol. 47 Issue 2, p89-89, 1/5p
Sturgis, Amy H. Florida's Forgotten Rebels.
Reason; Apr2007, Vol. 38 Issue 11, p54-57, 4p, 2 color
Monday, September 21, 2009
RJA #5b: Books
Kly, Y.N. THE INVISIBLE WAR: The African American Anti-Slavery Resistance from the Stono Rebellion through the Seminole Wars. Clarity Press, Inc. 2008
Wiggins, Kenneth. The Black Seminoles : History of a Freedom-seeking people. Gainesville : University Press of Florida. 1996.
Wiggins, Kenneth. The Black Seminoles : History of a Freedom-seeking people. Gainesville : University Press of Florida. 1996.
RJA #5a: Reference Articles
Articles:
Klos, George. Blacks and the Seminole Removal Debate, 1821-1835. The Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 68, No. 1 (Jul., 1989), pp. 55-78 (article consists of 24 pages)
Published by: Florida Historical Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30148038
Diasporan Exiles in the Great Dismal Swamp, 1630–1860
Klos, George. Blacks and the Seminole Removal Debate, 1821-1835. The Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 68, No. 1 (Jul., 1989), pp. 55-78 (article consists of 24 pages)
Published by: Florida Historical Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30148038
Diasporan Exiles in the Great Dismal Swamp, 1630–1860
RJA# 4b: Search Strings
Boolean Operaters/Search Strings
Black Seminoles+ Gullah+ Freedmen+ Freeman+ Black Indians+ Seminole+ Maroons+ Cimarron+Florida+Oklahoma
Black Seminoles+ Gullah+ Freedmen+ Freeman+ Black Indians+ Seminole+ Maroons+ Cimarron+Florida+Oklahoma
RJA #4a: Keywords
List of Search Terms
Category 1: Terms related to Black Seminoles
Gullah
Freedmen
Freeman
Black Indians
Seminole
Maroons
Cimarron
Category 2: Terms related to historical context
American Civil War
The Great Rebellion
Post Civil War Reconstruction
Abraham Lincoln
Emancipation Proclamation
Texas: Juneteenth
Category 3:American Slave uprisings and resistance tactics
Denmark Vessey
Nat Turner Revolt
Stono Rebellion
Gullah War
General Jessup
Category 1: Terms related to Black Seminoles
Gullah
Freedmen
Freeman
Black Indians
Seminole
Maroons
Cimarron
Category 2: Terms related to historical context
American Civil War
The Great Rebellion
Post Civil War Reconstruction
Abraham Lincoln
Emancipation Proclamation
Texas: Juneteenth
Category 3:American Slave uprisings and resistance tactics
Denmark Vessey
Nat Turner Revolt
Stono Rebellion
Gullah War
General Jessup
RJA #3c: Research Question
There are a number of questions I have regarding the Gullah/Black Seminole uprisings that occured both pre and post- emancipation. My research now hovers over the nagging concern of a seeming deliberate suppression of this information:
What is or who are the Black Seminoles? What is their importance to American history? What was their significance or their role in the Civil War? What impact, if any did they have on the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed all the African slaves in the southern or Confederacy (not the northern or Union States)? What would lead one to believe that traditional history seems to suppress information regarding Black uprisings against slavery?
What is or who are the Black Seminoles? What is their importance to American history? What was their significance or their role in the Civil War? What impact, if any did they have on the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed all the African slaves in the southern or Confederacy (not the northern or Union States)? What would lead one to believe that traditional history seems to suppress information regarding Black uprisings against slavery?
RJA #3b: Research Topic Focus
My early focus in choosing the Black Seminoles was a bit too broad. In utilizing the question process outlined in the textbook, I have been able to narrow the focus of my research to two areas: 1)Has knowledge of the Black Seminoles been suppressed? and 2)To whom would it be of value to suppress that knowledge? These two questions are the basis for my research for now.
RJA #3a: Research Topic Exploration
In my exploring for information and data on the Black Seminoles, I first initiated a Google Scholar search. There I found several scholarly articles on the subject. Fortunately, for my research purposes, there appears to have been quite a bit of interest on the topic. I also checked Twine and Citizendium. Both were also good sources though but limited in scope compared to Google. At Google Scholar, I was able to access scholarly journal articles right here at Auraria, such as JStor.
Monday, August 31, 2009
RJA #2b: Research Topic ENG 1020
Most Americans are aware that this country was populated by indigenous people prior to the arrival of Europeans. Often missing from the body of history taught in public schools, are the stories of how indigenous peoples collaborated and cooperated with African slaves both to survive and to resist the invasion of their native lands. The Black Seminoles are one such group of cooperating African and Indigenous Americans and are of particular interest to me since at the time of my birth, my family resided in Seminole, Oklahoma and could quite possibly be apart of my own geneology.
The Black Seminoles have traceable connections to the Africans imported from West Africa for their expertise in rice agriculture to work the rice fields on the barrier islands just off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when slavery was the accepted labor force. African escapees from some of these plantations were better suited for the tropical climate of what was then, Spanish Florida, and were key proponents and strategists in several skirmishes between the Native tribes and the American military, both Confederate and Northern. The Black Seminoles were also forcibly relocated to Oklahoma, following along the Trail of Tears.
What is quite intriguing about the Black Seminoles is that theirs is an amalgamation of cultures originating in West Africa, fused with English, Spanish and American Indigenous. I am interested in identifying and tracing specific distinguishing aspects from each of these parenting cultures.
The Black Seminoles have traceable connections to the Africans imported from West Africa for their expertise in rice agriculture to work the rice fields on the barrier islands just off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when slavery was the accepted labor force. African escapees from some of these plantations were better suited for the tropical climate of what was then, Spanish Florida, and were key proponents and strategists in several skirmishes between the Native tribes and the American military, both Confederate and Northern. The Black Seminoles were also forcibly relocated to Oklahoma, following along the Trail of Tears.
What is quite intriguing about the Black Seminoles is that theirs is an amalgamation of cultures originating in West Africa, fused with English, Spanish and American Indigenous. I am interested in identifying and tracing specific distinguishing aspects from each of these parenting cultures.
RJA #2a: Possible Topics ENG 1020
My proposed topic focuses on the Black Seminoles and will follow their exodus to Oklahoma along the 'Trail of Tears'.
Monday, August 24, 2009
RJA #1: Areas of Academic Interest
Music
Language
Writing
Ethnomusicology
Geechee/Gullah Culture
Music is my life but, I am interested in other means of human communication. I love languages and the written word. I am currently enrolled in Writing Tutor, and am quite sure that course will provide some points of interest which will be beneficial to me in identifying a topic for the research project for this course. I am also studying Anthropological Linguistics and taking The Gullah Experience, a course that focuses on the Gullah, a group of African Americans whose isolation on the sea islands off the coast of Georgia and South Carolina allowed them to maintain more of their traditional African customs.
Music
Language
Writing
Ethnomusicology
Geechee/Gullah Culture
Music is my life but, I am interested in other means of human communication. I love languages and the written word. I am currently enrolled in Writing Tutor, and am quite sure that course will provide some points of interest which will be beneficial to me in identifying a topic for the research project for this course. I am also studying Anthropological Linguistics and taking The Gullah Experience, a course that focuses on the Gullah, a group of African Americans whose isolation on the sea islands off the coast of Georgia and South Carolina allowed them to maintain more of their traditional African customs.
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